![]() In his poem ‘Ode to Roosevelt’, Darío embraces pan-Hispanism as he disdains US imperialism and Protestantism. ![]() Instead, Spanish Americans elected to reaffirm their Hispanic and Latin heritage by relying on Greek and Roman classics and Spanish baroque poets such as Luis de Góngora and Francisco de Quevedo. Latin Americans were essentially confronted with the notion that they would have to take a stance toward the United States, and it became clear that they would not sympathize with a country that would become infamous for dollar diplomacy, big stick diplomacy, and its ‘good neighbour’ policy. ![]() ![]() Both Spaniards and Latin Americans became acutely concerned about the spectre of American imperialism after the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War. With the collapse of the Spanish empire in 1898, Darío traveled to Europe as a correspondent for La Nación, a Buenos Aires newspaper, and was exposed to continental perspectives on political developments. His mature work, Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905), incorporates his heightened awareness of world events. There is a critical tradition associated with Rubén Darío, the leading modernist figure, who effectively inaugurated the movement with his collection of poems and stories, Azul (1888), a radical departure from previous traditions.
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